The construction of systems thinking pedagogy during a professional development institute
Gretchen S. Goode 1 * , Laurie MacGillivray 2
More Detail
1 University of Southern Mississippi, United States
2 University of Memphis, United States
* Corresponding Author

Abstract

The prevalence of systems thinking pedagogy is growing in classrooms because of its inclusion in the Next Generation Science Standards and its potential as a tool for addressing complex, global problems. While most of the research on systems thinking targets the ways students develop system thinking skills, this qualitative study explores teachers' construction of systems thinking as a pedagogy in a professional development context. With this paradigm-shifting pedagogy, teacher learning in professional development is a critical piece of understanding how the practice is taken up. Using social constructionism, discourse analysis, and systems theory, we conducted a holistic case study to analyze how teachers privileged language and ways of knowing during a professional development institute on systems thinking. We found that the teachers considered systems thinking as a catalyst for shifting their thinking, curriculum, and classroom dynamics; imperative to this shift was the implementation of systems mapping as the central activity of the pedagogy. Their model of systems thinking pedagogy respected both teachers and students as capable academics; additionally, it privileged a professional development culture of “becoming” in which the power of the collective was a point of leverage for teachers to disrupt what can be perceived as low expectations for their students and themselves as professionals.

Keywords

References

  • Ardell, A., & Curwen, M. (2019, April). Its good because it makes you change: Childrens and teachers’ responses to a curriculum grounded in systems thinking [Paper presentation]. American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Canada.
  • Baxter, P., & Jack, S. (2008). Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13(4), 544-559. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2008.1573
  • Ben-Zvi Assaraf, O., & Orion, N. (2005). Development of system thinking skills in the context of earth system education. Science Teaching, 42(5), 518- 560. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20061
  • Ben-Zvi Assaraf, O., & Orion, N. (2010). Four case studies, six years later: Developing system thinking skills in junior high school and sustaining them over time. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 47(10), 1253-1280. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20383
  • Berger, P., & Luckman. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Anchor Books.
  • Bertram, C.S. (2012). Individualism in education reform (Publication No. 1224048682) [Master or arts, Eastern Michigan University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
  • Bogard, T., Consalvo, A. L., & Worthy, J. (2018). Teaching for deep learning in a second grade literacy classroom. Journal of Language and Literacy Education, 14(1), 1- 26. http://hdl.handle.net/10950/2337
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Burr, V. (1995). An introduction to social constructionism. Routledge.
  • Cabrera, D., & Cabrera, L. (2015). Systems thinking made simple: New hope for solving wicked problems (2nd ed.). Plectica Publishing.
  • Cabrera, D., & Colosi, L. (2009). Thinking at every desk: How four simple thinking skills will transform your teaching, classroom, school, and district. Research Institute for Thinking in Education.
  • Capra, F., & Luisi, P.L. (2014). The systems view of life: A unifying vision. Cambridge University Press.
  • Castro, J.C. (2015). Visualizing the collective learner through decentralized networks. International Journal of Education & the Arts, 16(4). https://www.learntechlib.org/p/160127/
  • Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage.
  • Checkland, P. (1981). Systems thinking, systems practice. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Chen, R., Hughes, A.C., & Austin, J.P. (2017). The use of theory in family therapy research: Content analysis and update. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 43(3), 514-525. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12217
  • Chinn, C.A. (2017). Commentary on promoting systems understanding. Instructional Science 45(1), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-017-9406-4
  • Curwen, M.S., Ardell, A., & MacGillivray, L. (2019). Hopeful discourse: Elementary children’s activist responses to modern-day slavery grounded in systems thinking. Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice, 68(1), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/2381336919870284
  • Curwen, M.S., Ardell, A., MacGillivray, L., & Lambert, R. (2018). Systems thinking in a second-grade classroom: Students engaged to address statewide drought. Frontiers in Education, 3, 90. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2018.00090
  • Danish, J., Saleh, A., Andrade, A., & Bryan, B. (2017). Observing complex systems thinking in the zone of proximal development. Instructional Science, 45(1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-016-9391-z
  • Davies, B., & Harré, R. (1990). Positioning: The discursive production of selves. Journal for the theory of social behaviour, 20(1), 43-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1990.tb00174.x
  • Davies, B., & Harré, R. (2001). Positioning: The discursive production of selves. Discourse theory and practice: A reader, 20, 261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.1990.tb00174.x
  • Davis, B., Sumara, D., & Luce-Kapler, R. (2015). Engaging minds: Cultures of education and practices of teaching (3rd ed.). Routledge.
  • DeMarrais, K. (2004). Qualitative interview studies: Learning through experience. In. K. B. deMarrais & S. D. Lapan (Eds.), Foundations for research methods of inquiry in education and the social sciences (pp. 51-68). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
  • Dyson, A. H., & Genishi, C. (2005). On the case: Approaches to language and literacy research. Teachers College Press.
  • Eizadirad, A. (2019). Decolonizing Educational Assessment models. In A. Eizadirad (Ed.), Decolonizing Educational Assessment (pp. 203–228). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27462-7_10
  • Emerson, R.M., Fretz, R.I., & Shaw, L.L. (1995). In the field: Participating, observing, and jottingnotes. In R. M. Emerson (Ed.), Writing ethnographic fieldnotes (pp. 17-38). The University of Chicago Press.
  • Galloway, R., Reynolds, B., & Williamson, J. (2020). Strengths-based teaching and learning approaches for children: Perceptions and practices. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 4(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.33902/jpr.2020058178
  • Gay, G. (2010). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.). Teachers College Press.
  • Gee, J.P. (1999). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. Routledge.
  • Gergen, K.R. (1999). An invitation to social construction. Sage.
  • Gharajedaghi J. (2011). Systems Thinking: Managing Chaos and Complexity (3rd ed.). Elsevier.
  • Goode, G.S., Bailey-Tarbett, L.K., & MacGillivray, L. (2019, April). "Pivoting toward the light": Addressing emotions in a systems thinking pedagogy professional development. [Roundtable Session.] American Educational Research Association, Toronto, Canada.
  • Hmelo-Silver, C.E., Jordan, R., Eberbach, C., & Sinha, S. (2017). Systems learning with a conceptual representation: A quasi-experimental study. Instructional Science, 45(1), 53-72.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-016-9392-y
  • Hmelo-Silver, C.E., & Azevedo, R. (2006). Understanding complex systems: Some core challenges. Learning Sciences, 15(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls1501_7
  • Hmelo-Silver, C.E., Marathe, S., & Liu, L. (2007). Fish swim, rocks sit, and lungs breathe: Expert-novice understanding of complex systems. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 16(3), 307-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508400701413401
  • Horton, M., Kohl, J., & Kohl, H.R. (1997). The long haul: An autobiography. Teachers College Press.
  • Hyerle, D. (2008). Thinking maps: Visual tools for activating habits of mind. In A. L. Costa & B. Kallick (Eds.), Learning and leading with habits of mind: 16 essential characteristics for success (pp. 149-174). Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
  • International Literacy Association. (2020). What’s hot in literacy report. Newark, DE. https://www.literacyworldwide.org/get-resources/whats-hot-report
  • Ison, R.L. (2008). Systems thinking and practice for action research. In P.W. Reason & H. Bradbury (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Action Research Participative Inquiry and Practice (2nd ed., pp. 139–158). Sage Publications.
  • Korthagen, F. (2017). Inconvenient truths about teacher learning: towards professional development 3.0. Teachers and Teaching, 23(4), 387-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2016.1211523
  • Koski, M.I., & de Vries, M.J. (2013). An exploratory study on how primary pupils approach systems. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 23(4), 835-848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-013-9234-z
  • Kosko, K. W., & Herbst, P. (2012). A deeper look at how teachers say what they say: A quantitative modality analysis of teacher-to-teacher talk. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(4), 589–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.11.010
  • Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465-491. https://doi.org/10.3102/000283120320034
  • Lakoff, G. (1992). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (Ed.) Metaphor and thought (2nd ed., pp. 202-251). Cambridge University Press.
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
  • Leko, M. M., Kiely, M. T., Brownell, M. T., Osipova, A., Dingle, M. P., & Mundy, C. A. (2015). Understanding special educators’ learning opportunities in collaborative groups: The role of discourse. Teacher Education and Special Education, 38(2), 138-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406414557283
  • Liefshitz, I.A. (2015). When teachers speak of teaching, what do they say? A portrait of teaching from the voices of the StoryCorps National Teachers Initiative. [Doctoral dissertation, Harvard Graduate School of Education]. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:16461032
  • MacGillivray, L., Ardell, A. L., Curwen, M. S., & Palma, J. (2004). Colonized teachers: Examining the implementation of a scripted reading program. Teaching Education, 15(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047621042000213575
  • Madni, A.M., & Sievers, M. (2018). Model-based systems engineering: Motivation, current status, and research opportunities. Systems Engineering, 21(3), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.21438
  • Maturana, H.R., & Varela, F.J. (1987). The tree of knowledge: The biological roots of human understanding. Shambhala.
  • Meadows, D.H. (2008). Thinking in systems: A primer. Earthscan.
  • Methlagl, M. (2022). Patterns of teacher collaboration, professional development and teaching practices: A multiple correspondence analysis of Talis 2018. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 3, 100137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2022.100137
  • Miles, M.B., & Huberman, A.M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage.
  • NGSS Lead States. (2013). Next Generation Science Standards: For States, By States. The National Academies Press. https://www.nextgenscience.org/standards/standards
  • Noel, L.A. & Liub, T.L. (2017). Using design thinking to create a new education paradigm for elementary level children for higher student engagement and success. Design and Technology Education: An International Journal, 22(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2016.200
  • Oberle, E., Zeni, M., Munday, F., & Brussoni, M. (2021). Support factors and barriers for outdoor learning in elementary schools: A systemic perspective. American Journal of Health Education, 52(5), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2021.1955232
  • Ovens, A., Garbett, D., & Hutchinson, D. (2016). Becoming teacher: Exploring the transition fromstudent to teacher. In J. Loughran & M.L. Hamilton (Eds.), International handbook of teacher education (pp. 353-378). Springer.
  • Putnam, R. T., & Borko, H. (2000). What do new views of knowledge and thinking have to say about research on teacher learning? Educational Researcher, 29(1), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X029001004
  • Rigell, A., Banack, A., Maples, A., Laughter, J., Broemmel, A., Vines, N., & Jordan, J. (2022). Overwhelming whiteness: A critical analysis of race in a scripted reading curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2022.2030803
  • Rong, L., Unger, L., & Scullion, V. (2014). Social justice through literacy: Integrating digital video cameras in reading summaries and responses. Journal of Language and Literacy Education, 10(2), 34-50. http://jolle.coe.uga.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Liu-Social-Justice-through-literacy.pdf
  • Rodriguez, V. (2012). The teaching brain and the end of the empty vessel. Mind, Brain, & Education, 6(4), 177-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-228X.2012.01155.x
  • Roth, W.-M., Goulart, M. I., & Plakitsi, K. (2012). Engaging children in collective curriculum design. In W.-M. Roth, M. I. Goulart & K. Plakitsi (Eds.), Science Education during Early Childhood (pp. 67–90). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5186-6_4
  • Saldaña, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage.
  • Savin-Baden, M. and Major, C.H. (2013) Qualitative research: The essential guide to theory and practice (1st ed.). Routledge.
  • Senge, P.M., Cambron-McCabe, N., Lucas, T., Smith, B., Dutton, J., & Kleiner, A. (2000). Schools that learn: A fifth discipline fieldbook for educators, parents, and everyone who cares about education. Knopf Doubleday.
  • Soter, A.O. & Conners, S.P. (2017). Language as a field of energy: A critical question for language pedagogy. Critical Questions in Education, 8(1), 27-50.
  • Stull, A. T., & Mayer, R. E. (2007). Learning by doing versus learning by viewing: Three experimental comparisons of learner-generated versus author-provided graphic organizers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(4), 808–820. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.4.808
  • Tintiangco-Cubales, A., Kiang, P.N., & Museus, S.D. (2010). Praxis and power in the intersections of education. AAPI Nexus: Policy, Practice, & Community, 8(1), v-xvii. http://www.aapinexus.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/nexus8.1_ME.pdf
  • Webster-Wright, A. (2009). Reframing professional development through understanding authentic professional learning. Review of Educational Research, 79(2), 702-739. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308330970
  • Wilson, S. M. (2013). Professional development for science teachers. Science, 340, 310–313. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1230725
  • Yin, R.K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage.
  • Yoon, S.A., & Klopfer, E. (2006). Feedback (F) fueling adaptation (A) network growth (N) and self-organization (S): A complex systems design and evaluation approach to professional development. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 15(5-6), 353-366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-006-9024-4
  • Yoon, S.A., & Hmelo-Silver, C. (2017). Introduction to special issue: Model and tools for systems learning and instruction. Instructional Science, 45(1), 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11251-017-9404-6
  • Yoon, S.A., Anderson, E., Koehler-Yom, J., Evans, C., Park, M., Sheldon, J., Schoenfeld, I, Wendel, D., Scheintaub, H., & Klopfer, E. (2017). Teaching about complex systems is no simple matter: Building effective professional development for computer-supported complex systems instruction. Instructional Science, 45(1), 99-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-016-9388-7

License

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.