Abstract

Through its different components, such as compassion and prosocial behaviour, kindness contributes to healthy social relationships. Additionally, it is frequently reported in the literature that individuals who are securely attached are more likely to perceive their friends and families as having their backs. Studies examining the relationship between secure attachment, kindness, and perceived social support variables in high school students may contribute to improving their well-being levels and preventing psychopathology from developing. This study examines the relationship between perceived social support, secure attachment to parents and peers, and character strength of kindness among high school students. The study involved 676 high school students (499 females and 177 males). The correlation analysis showed that high school students' perceived levels of social support from their families, friends, and teachers, their attachment to parents and peers, and their kindness strength had a significant and positive relationship with each other. In the path analysis, it was found that students' secure attachment to parents and peers predicted perceived social support from friends, family, and teachers, either directly or indirectly. The bootstrapping process also revealed that indirect predictive relationships were significant. Finally, the study offered suggestions for future studies.  

Keywords

References

• Allen, J. P., Porter, M., McFarland, C., McElhaney, K.B., & Marsh, P. (2007). The relation of attachment security to adolescents’ paternal and peer relationships, depression, and externalizing behaviour. Child Development, 78(4), 1222–1239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01062.x
• Andretta, J. R., Ramirez, A.M., Barnes, M.E., Odom, T., Roberson-Adams, S., & Woodland, M. H. (2015). Perceived parental security profiles in African American adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(6), 884–894. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000105
• Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939
• Aspelmeier, J. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2003) Love and school: Attachment/ exploration dynamics in college. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(1), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407503020001185
• Azañedo, C.M., Artola, T., Sastre, S., &Alvarado, J.M. (2021). Character strengths predict subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and psychopathological symptoms, over and above functional social support. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 661278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661278
• Barsano, C. A. (2005). The stability of attachment patterns during adolescence (Publication no. 3177403) [Doctoral dissertation, Chicago School of Professional Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Bayram, N. (2016). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Amos uygulamaları [Introduction to structural equation modelling: AMOS applications]. Ezgi.
• Bekir, H., Arbaş, G., & Aydın, R. (2018). Maternal attachment and social support perception of secondary school students in a socially disadvantaged region. Dicle University Journal of Ziya Gökalp Faculty of Education, 33, 79-90. https://doi.org/10.14582/DUZGEF.1885
• Bernardon, S., Babb, K.A., Hakim-Larson, J., & Gragg, M. (2011). Loneliness, attachment, and the perception and use of social support in university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 43(1), 40-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021199
• Beshara, G. E. (2005). Attachment, perceptions of social support, and social integration: Implications for adolescents at risk of school dropout (Publication no. MR13288) [Master’s thesis, Simon Fraser University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Binfet, J.-T., & Whitehead, J. (2019). The effect of engagement in a kindness intervention on adolescents’ well-being: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Emotional Education, 11(2), 33-49.
• Blain, M. D., Thompson, J. M., & Whiffen, V. E. (1993). Attachment and perceived social support in late adolescence: The interaction between working models of self and others. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8, 226-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/074355489382006
• Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. Basic Books.
• Cai, W., Pan, Y., Zhang, S., Wei, C., Dong, W., & Deng, G. (2017). Relationship between cognitive emotion regulation, social support, resilience and acute stress responses in Chinese soldiers: Exploring multiple mediation model. Psychiatry Research, 256, 71– 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.018
• Chen, W., Zhang, D., Pan, Y., Hu, T., Liu, G., & Luo, S. (2017). Perceived social support and self-esteem as mediators of the relationship between parental attachment and life satisfaction among Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 98-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.009
• Cole, D. A., Lazarick, D.L., & Howard, G.S.(1987). Construct validity and the relation between depression and social skill. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 315-321. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.34.3.315
• Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2004). Working models of attachment shape perceptions of social support: Evidence from experimental and observational studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(3), 363-383. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.363
• Çetin, A. (2015). Analysis of the relationship between social skills of the adolescents at the age of 12-14 and their secure parental attachment (Publication no. 397408) [Master’s thesis, Gazi University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Dilly, L. J. (2005). The optimal matching of perceived teacher social support to students’ daily school stressors (Publication no. 3189640) [Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Dwiwardani, C., Hill, P.C., Bollinger, R.A., Marks, L.E., Steele, J.R., Doolin, H.N., Wood, S.L., Hook, J. N., & Davis, D.E. (2014). Virtues develop from a secure base: Attachment and resilience as predictors of humility, gratitude, and forgiveness. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 42(1), 83-90.
• Dykas, M. J., Ziv, Y., & Cassidy, J. (2008). Attachment and peer relations in adolescence. Attachment & Human Development, 10(2) 123-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730802113679
• Eldeleklioğlu, J. (2006). The relationship between the perceived social support and the level of depression and anxiety in university students. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 6(3), 742-752.
• Eşkisu, M. (2009). Investigation of the relationship between the bullying grade, family functions and perceived social support among high school students (Publication no. 270114) [Master’s Thesis, İstanbul University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Filasteen, İ. M. N. (2018). The role of satisfaction with life, social support, psychological problems, love, self-esteem satisfaction with love life and parenting styles in predicting loneliness among Palestinian university students (Publication no. 270988) [Doctoral dissertation, Porto University]. Repositório Aberto da Universidade do Porto.
• Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Bucholtz, I. (1995). Effects of adult attachment style on the perception and search for social support. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 129(6), 665-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1995.9914937
• Fraenkel, J.R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2023). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw Hill.
• Frazier, P.A., Tix, A.P., & Barron, K.E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115
• Fritz, M.M., Margolis, S., Radosic, N., Revord, J.C., Kellerman, G.R., Nieminen, L.R.G., Reece, A., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2023). Examining the social in the prosocial: Episode-level features of social ınteractions and kind acts predict social connection and well-being. Emotion, 23(8), 2270–2285. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001232
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference.11.0 update. Allyn & Bacon.
• Goetz, J. L., Simon Thomas, E. (2017). The landscape of compassion: Definitions and scientific approaches. In Seppälä, E. M., Simon Thomas, E., Brown, S. L., Worline, M. C., Cameron, C. D., & Doty, J. R. (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of compassion science (pp. 3–15). Oxford University Press.
• Gorrese, A., & Ruggieri, R. (2012). Peer attachment: A meta-analytic review of gender and age differences and associations with parent attachment. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 41, 650-672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9759-6
• Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
• Heppner, P. P., Kivlighan, D. M., & Wampold, B. E. (1992). Research design in counseling. Thomson Brooks/Cole.
• Hoffman, K. T., Martin, R.S., Cooper, G., & Powell, B. (2006). Changing toddler’s and preschoolers’ attachment classifications: The Circle of Security intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 1017-1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.6.1017
• Kabakçı, Ö. F. (2013). The investigation of positive youth development in terms of character strengths (Publication no. 339024) [Doctoral Dissertation, Hacettepe University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Kabakçı, Ö. F., Ergene, T., & Doğan, N. (2019). Character strengths in Turkey: Initial adaptation study of values in action inventory of strengths for youth (VIA-Youth) and life satisfaction in young people. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 5(3), 489-501. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.5.3.489
• Kalpakoff, M. S. (2019). A positive psychology endeavour: Exploring the relationship between kindness and resilience (Publication no. 28391129) [Doctoral dissertation, The Wright Institute]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Katmer, A. N., Buga, A., & Kaya, İ. (2019). An investigation of friendship quality, attachment to friends and perceived social support from friends as predictors of loneliness in adolescents. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 11(4), 211-227. https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2019.04.015
• Kayhan, B. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between attachment styles, peer relationship and subjective well-being levels of high school 9th and 10th grade students in terms of some demographic variables( The sample of Mersin) (Publication no. 578488) [Master’s thesis, Toros University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Keskin, G., & Çam, O. (2010). Adolescents’ strengths and difficulties: Approach to attachment styles. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 17(5), 433-441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01540.x
• Khodarahimi, S., Hashim, I.H.M., & Mohd-Zaharim, N. (2016). Attachment styles, perceived stress and social support in a Malaysian young adult sample. Psychologica Belgica, 56(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.320
• Kırcallıoğlu, M. (2019). Evaluation of cyber bullying sensitivity in high school students in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, perceived social support and parent and peer relationships: Çerkezköy district of Tekirdağ sample (Publication no. 584828) [Master’s thesis, Ankara University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. The Guilford Press.
• Körük, S. (2016). The mediator role of psychological symptoms on the predictive strength of insecure attachment and perceived social support on risky behaviours among adolescents (Publication no. 435995) [Master’s thesis, Eskişehir Osmangazi University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Raffaelli, M. (2000). The differential relations of parent and peer attachment to adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005169004882
• Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Roesch, S. C. (2004). Pathways to self-esteem in late adolescence: The role of parent and peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviours. Journal of Adolescence, 27(6), 703-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.05.005.
• Larose, S., Boivin, M., & Poulin, F. (1993, March). Parent-adolescent attachment and specificity of perceived social support [Paper presentation]. 60th Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans, LA.
• Layous, K., Nelson, S.K., Oberle, E., Schonert-Reichi, K. A., & Lyubomirksy, S. (2012). Kindness count: Prompting prosocial behavior in preadolescents boosts peer acceptance and well-being. PLoS ONE, 7(12), e51380. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051380
• Layous, K., Chancellor, J., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). Positive activities as protective factors against mental health conditions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034709
• Lebacq, T., Dujeu, M., Meroc, E., Moreau, N., Pedroni, C., Godin, I., & Castetbon, K.(2019). Perceived social support from teachers and classmates does not moderate the inverse association between body mass index and health-related quality of life in adolescents. Quality of Life Research, 28, 895-905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-018-2079-x
• Lichtenberger, E. O. (1996). Communication openness, perceived social support, and ego resiliency: Correlates of internal working models of attachment (Publication no. 9626461) (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Liu, Q., & Wang, Z. (2021). Associations between parental emotional warmth, parental attachment, peer attachment, and adolescents’ character strengths. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105765
• Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1037/10892680.9.2.111
• Mallinckrodt, B., & Wei, M. (2005). Attachment, social competencies, social support and psychological distress. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 52(3), 358-367. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.358
• Malti, T. (2020). Kindness: A perspective from developmental psychology. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 18(5), 629-657. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2020.183761
• Markiewicz, D., Doyle, A. B., Brendgen, M. (2001). The quality of adolescents’ friendships: Associations with mothers’ interpersonal relationships, attachments to parents and friends, and prosocial behaviours. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 429–445. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0374
• McKinney, K. G. (2002). Engagement in community service among college students: Is it affected by significant attachment relationships? Journal of Adolescence, 25, 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.2001.0465
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. (2005). Attachment security, compassion, and altruism. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00330.x
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R . (2007) Boosting attachment security to promote mental health, prosocial values, and ınter-group tolerance. Psychological Inquiry, 18(3), 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701512646
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2009). An attachment and behavioral systems perspective on social support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26(1), 7-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509105518
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood. The Guildford Press.
• Mubarique, M. (2016). An examination of the mediation role of empathy and emotion regulation in the relationship between parental attachment security and adolescents' prosocial behaviour (Publication no. 437351) [Master’s thesis, Ankara University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Noronha, A. P. P., Silva, E. N., & Dametto, D. M. (2019). Relations between family support and character strengths in adolescents. Psico-USF, Bragança Paulista, 24(4), 625-632. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712019240402
• O’Connell, B. H., O’Shea, D., & Gallagher, S. (2016). Enhancing social relationships through positive psychology activities: A randomised controlled trial. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 149-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1037860
• Ognibene, T. C., & Collins, N. L. (1998). Adult attachment styles, perceived social support, and coping strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15, 323–345. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407598153002
• Oldfield, J., Humphrey, N., & Hebron, J. (2015). The role of parental and peer attachment relationships and school connectedness in predicting adolescent mental health outcomes. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 21(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12108
• Özdemir, Ç. (2012). Exploration of perceived teacher acceptance-rejection in terms of some factors (attachment securities, gender, and socio-economic status) (Publication no. 314109) [Master’s thesis, Maltepe University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Özen, D. Ş. (2003). The impact of parental attachment styles on gender roles and peer-attachment styles of adolescents. Journal of Psychiatry Psychology Psychopharmacology, 11(4), 303-309.
• Pace, U., Zappulla, C., & Di Maggio, R. (2016). The mediating role of perceived peer support in the relation between quality of attachment and internalizing problems in adolescence: A longitudinal perspective. Attachment & Human Development, 18(5), 508-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2016.1198919
• Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the values in action inventory of strengths for youth. Journal of Adolescence, 29(6), 891-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.011
• Peker, A., & Eroğlu, Y. (2015). Relationships between perceived social support and cyberbullying tendency in adolescents: the mediator role of perceived social support from friend and teacher. International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 10(3), 759-778. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.7693
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press.
• Procidano, M. E., & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00898416
• Ptacek, J. T. (1996). The role of attachment in perceived support and the stress and coping process. In G.R. Pierce, I. G. Sarason, & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Handbook of social support and the family (pp. 495-520). Springer.
• Raimundi, M. J., Molina, M. F., Schmidt, V., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2016). Family functioning profiles and character strengths in young elite athletes from Argentina. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 32-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1189949
• Raja, S. N., McGee, R., & Stanton, W. R. (1992). Perceived attachments to parents and peers and psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 21, 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537898
• Ratner, B. (2009). The correlation coefficient: Its values range between+ 1/− 1, or do they? Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 17(2), 139- 42. https://doi.org/10.1057/jt.2009.5
• Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., Pyun, Y., Aycock, C., & Coyle, S. (2016). A meta-analytic review of the association between perceived social support and depression in childhood and adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 142(10), 1017–1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000058
• Santini, Z. I., Koyanagi, A., Tyrovolas, S., Mason, C., & Haro, J. M. (2015). The association between social relationships and depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.049
• Sarason, B. R., Pierce, G. R., & Sarason, I. G. (1990). Social support: the sense of acceptance and the role of relationships. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 97–128). Wiley.
• Sargent, E. R. (2016). Moderating effect of teacher-student bond on the relationship between parent-child attachment and adolescent outcomes (Publication no. 10116344) [Doctoral dissertation, University of the Pacific]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Shahyad, S., Besharat, M. A., Asadi, M., & Mirnader, A. S. (2011). The relation of attachment and perceived social support with life satisfaction: Structural equation model. Procedia - Social and Behavioural Sciences, 15, 952-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.219
• Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Gross, J., Stern, J.A., & Cassidy, J. (2016). A lifespan perspective on attachment and care for others: Empathy, altruism, and prosocial behavior. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 878–916). Guilford Publications.
• Stern, J. A., Costello, M. A., Kansky, J., Fowler, C., Loeb, E. L., & Allen, J. P. (2021). Here for you: Attachment and the growth of empathic support for friends in adolescence. Child Development, 92(6), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13630
• Tai, H. L. (2017). The role of attachment as a predictor of social and cognitive competence: Peer relations and academic achievement (Publication no. 1805341400) [Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Tanrıkulu, M. (2019). Factors related to internet use and addiction in adolescents: Attachment, self-regulation and perceived social support (Publication no. 586340) [Master’s thesis, Ufuk University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Thompson, A. D. (1999). Perceived social support and adult attachment styles: Relationship with view of self, view of others and helping tendencies (Publication no. 9933017) [Doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.s
• Thompson, K. L., & Gullone, E. (2008). Prosocial and antisocial behaviours in adolescents: An investigation into associations with attachment and empathy. Anthrozoös, 21(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303708X305774
• Torquati, J. C., & Raffaelli, M. (2004). Daily experiences of emotions and social contexts of securely and insecurely attached young adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(6), 740-758. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558403260023
• Traş, Z., & Arslan, E. (2013). An investigation of perceived social support and social self-efficacy in adolescents. Elementary Education Online, 12(4), 1133-1140.
• Tunç Omar, A. (2019). Investigation of the correlation between perceived social support and attachment styles of adolescent smokers and non-smokers (Publication no. 619473) [Master’s thesis, Avrasya University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Turgut, Ö. (2015). Investigation of resilience of adolescents in terms of major life events, perceived social support and school engagement (Publication no. 395175) [Master’s thesis, Anadolu University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Ulaşan Özgüle, E. T. (2011). Mediating role of self-regulation between parenting, attachment, and adjustment in middle adolescence (Publication no. 300537) [Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
• Waldinger, R. J., & Schulz, M. S. (2016). The long reach of nurturing family environments: Links with midlife emotion-regulatory styles and late-life security in intimate relationships. Psychological Science, 27(11), 1443-1450. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616661556
• Wentzel, K. R. (1994). Relations of social goal pursuit to social acceptance, classroom behavior, and perceived social support. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.86.2.173
• Wentzel, K. R. (2005). Peer relationships, motivation, and academic performance at school. In A. Elliot & C. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp. 279–296). Guilford.
• Wilkinson, R. B. (2004). The role of parental and peer attachment in the psychological health and self-esteem of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 479–493. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOYO.0000048063.59425.20
• Yavuz, M., Yüksel, N., & Göksan Yavuz, B. (2018). Examining the psychometric properties of the Turkish inventory of parent and peer attachment revised (T-IPPA-R) and the associations between T-IPPA-R and adolescent depression. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 19(2), 72-79. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.5031
• Yıldırım, İ. (1997). Algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi, güvenirliği ve geçerliliği [Development, reliability and validity of the perceived social support scale]. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 13, 81-87.
• Yıldırım, İ. (2004). Algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin revizyonu [Revision of the perceived social support scale]. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 17, 221-236.

License

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.